One of the most devastating illnesses that can affect older adults is dementia. It affects an individual's mental abilities, and can often lead to long-term disability and ultimately, death. As dementia progresses, it can cause a range of physical and emotional changes in the person, such as excessive scratching.
What is Dementia?
Dementia is an umbrella term that is used to refer to a range of conditions that affect the brain, resulting in a deterioration of cognitive abilities. Common symptoms of dementia include memory loss, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and trouble with language. As the illness progresses, more severe symptoms can appear, such as mood changes, agitation, and physical restlessness.
What is Excessive Scratching?
Excessive scratching, or “psychogenic pruritus” is a symptom of dementia in which the individual has an intense urge to scratch their skin. This can lead to skin damage and infections, as the affected person scratches themselves raw. Excessive scratching can become so severe that it disrupts the individual's sleep patterns, as they are unable to resist the urge to scratch.
What Causes Excessive Scratching?
The exact cause of excessive scratching is unknown, but it is believed to be related to changes in the brain caused by dementia. The sensation of itching is caused by nerve signals that are sent to the brain, and it is thought that dementia disrupts these nerve signals, leading to the urge to scratch. It is also believed that changes in the brain caused by dementia can lead to an increase in anxiety and agitation, which may also contribute to the urge to scratch.
How is Excessive Scratching Treated?
Treatment for excessive scratching can be difficult, as it is often caused by an underlying condition such as dementia. In some cases, medications may be prescribed to help reduce the urge to scratch, but these do not always work. Environmental changes can also be helpful, such as ensuring that the individual is wearing comfortable clothing and making sure that their nails are kept short. It is also important to provide caregivers with strategies to help manage the individual's scratching, such as distraction techniques and providing them with items to scratch that are not their skin.
How Can Caregivers Help?
It is important for caregivers of individuals with dementia to be aware of the signs of excessive scratching, and to provide support and reassurance when necessary. Caregivers should also be aware of the environmental triggers for scratching, and make sure that these are minimized as much as possible. Caregivers should also be aware of the signs of skin damage or infection, and seek medical attention if necessary. Finally, it is important for caregivers to understand that excessive scratching can be a sign of distress, and to provide comfort and reassurance to the individual.
Conclusion
Excessive scratching can be a symptom of dementia, and is often distressing for both the individual and their caregivers. Treatment can be difficult, but it is important to identify the underlying cause and to provide support and reassurance. Environmental changes and distraction techniques can also be effective in reducing the urge to scratch, as well as seeking medical attention if necessary. By understanding the causes and symptoms of excessive scratching, caregivers can provide the individual with the best possible care and support.